I find this term close-to-heart but abstract/academic (non-mainstream). I need  a more specific, more concrete explanation.

The word neurodiversity … is often used in the context of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as other neurological or developmental conditions and learning disabilities.

Embrace neurological differences.

Judges have more flexibility and power in commonLaw systems. U.S. judges can pass unusual judgement (trespass case).

In fact, commonLaw judges have power to make laws. These “precedents” are often as important as written statues … a feature of the commonLaw system.

Lawyers play a more central role in commonLaw (than Civil) systems. U.S. and HK movies often feature dramatic court room events.

CivilLaw systems originated in continental Europe; CommonLaw systems originated in Britain. As a consequence,
HK continues to follow a CommonLaw（普通法） system but China is a largely CivilLaw jurisdiction. Macau follows a CivilLaw (大陆法) system (Portugal).

Consistency and predictability — Some say CivilLaw has this advantage, and other say CommonLaw has this advantage.

 

A.k.a Record_Locator. Unlike eTicket, PNR is not numerical but is often mis-named as a xxx_number.

On the same booking record, two passengers have two unique eTicket numbers, but share a single PNR.

— generated by each airline (or a GDS)

If your flights involve different airlines, there are sometimes separate PNRs for each carrier.

Two airlines can generate the same PNR of 123ABC with no risk of confusion, but this is statistically rare.

PNR is generated by the airline’s computer system, not by the travel agent, but in Feb 2025, JetAbout generated a reservation_code before airline generated a PNR.

In each carrier’s systerm, PNRs should not be recycled within 24 months.

 

Find a few providers. Call each.

Then send details by email.

I often tell my kids about rice harvests, so here’s some evidence

There are two main kinds of rice: indica, with longer grains, and japonica, with shorter grains. Some species, such as brown rice, come in both long- and short-grain varieties. The long-grain crop is lower in starch and higher in dry matter than its short-grain relative. Growing long-grain rice has the highest economic return of all rice cultivars.

The most widely consumed rice varieties are as follows:

• long-grain: Jasmine, Wild, Red, and Black Rice;
• medium-to-short-grain: Arborio, Koshihikari, Valencia, Carnaroli, Calasparra, Baldo, and Bomba.

Rice can be farmed year-round and harvested several times a year in tropical places with consistent warmth and plenty of precipitation. In contrast, in areas with four distinct seasons, the rice growing period often coincides with the wet (monsoon) season, providing sufficient rainfall and temperatures favorable for crop cultivation.

— Japan 1-2/Y

https://www.japan-guide.com/blog/home-delivery/200617.html#:~:text=The%20process%20of%20growing%20to,manage%20two%20harvests%20per%20year.

— Thai 3/Y

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_production_in_Thailand#:~:text=Thailand%20can%20harvest%20three%20rice,crops%20or%20forgoing%20one%20crop.

— China 1-2/Y

With ordinary farming practices, this process would take 120 to 150 days in major rice-growing areas in the country’s south or northeast (similar to Korea and Japan rice cultivation).

In contrast, 华北平原 .. probably wheat.

https://mychinesehomekitchen.com/2022/09/09/rice-farming-in-china/

Three main yardsticks: HH) fatalities per million passenger hours MM) fatalities per million passenger mile TT) fatalities per thousand trips.

I think MM records are more accurate, and data volume is much bigger. MM is more discussed, more reported in mass media, but I care more about HH.

https://turbli.com/blog/the-safest-transport-modes-ranked-by-statistics-from-10-years-of-data/

• uses both HH and MM
• explains “per passenger hour” is very different from “per vehicle hour”, and a much better yardstick

Scenario: you have two diagnostic “blackboxes”. One higher sensitivity like 99% but low specificity like 75%; the other higher specificity like 95% but low sensitivity like 70%

To get an intuive feel of the difference, we need to imagine an extreme scenario of high-low. If you have a diagnostic that’s superior in both sensitivity and specificity, then clearly superior… not useful for this discussion.

Both specfiCity and sensitivity are all about error rates:

• high specifiCity means Low false_positive rate. Therefore, positive results are reliable.
• high sensitivity means Low false_negative rate. Therefore, negative results are reliable.

Sensitivity and Specificity Explained for Medical Professionals

— 99% sensitivity means out of every 100 true positives, one would be missed out i.e. false negative (99 would show positive) in this diagnostic. A highly sensitive perhaps over-sensitive test (eg: CT, Hba1c)

• 🙂 is good for rule-out, as it is unlikely to miss a true positive case.
• 🙁 it can misfire, give false_positive like spurious wake-up.
• .. if specificity = 75%, then 25% of the true negatives will show false positive.

— specificity .. is all about false_positives or misfire

A positive result of high specificity is “a highly specific indicator”.

95% specificity means out of 100 true negatives, 5 would show false_positive in this diagnostic. Some definitions of specificity focus on the 95% .. often convolunted and non-intuitive.

A highly specific diagnostic

• 🙂 has low false_positive rate, therefore good for rule-in
• 🙂 is an accurate indicator of a specific condition. A positive is unlikely to be some look-alike indistinguishable conditions.
• 🙁 but can miss some true positives… 70% sensitivity means 30% of true positives missed.