pinyin standard[汉语拼音方案] #er

http://www.hanyupinyin.cn/pinyinxuexi/pinyin/ is the full learning sequence in my Primary 1.

http://www.hanyupinyin.cn/pinyin/ is a compilation of all known combinations of consonants and various vowel components. This page may be missing some combos, but not if you click into each subpage.

http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf is the 1958 official document.

http://www.hanyupinyin.cn/hanyupinyinfangan/ has similar but enriched content:

  • ü 行的韵母,前面没有声母的时候,写成 yu(迂),yue(约),yuan(冤),yun(晕);ü上两点省略。
  • ü  行的韵母跟声母 j,q,x 拼的时候,写成:ju(居),qu(区),xu(虚),ü上两点也省略;但是跟声母 n,l 拼的时候,仍然写成 nü(女),lü(吕), to be separate from nu (怒) / lu (路)。Other examples: lüe(略), nüe(虐) though “lue / nue” are nonexistent.
  • ün is nonexistent.
  • iou,uei,uen 前面加声母的时候,写成 iu,ui,un。例如 niu(牛),gui(归),lun(论)。iou/uei/uen are nonexistent. (They always follow a consonant.) See http://www.hanyupinyin.cn/biao/ and http://www.hanyupinyin.cn/pinyinxuexi/pinyin/
  • .. These components were tabulated for theoretical discussion.
  • ~~ A pair of twin rules:
  • i 行的韵母,前面没有声母的时候,写成 yi(衣),ya(呀),ye(耶),yao(腰),you(忧),yan(烟),yin(因),yɑng(央),ying(英),yong(雍)。
  • u 行的韵母,前面没有声母的时候,写成 wu(乌), wa(蛙), wo(窝), wɑi(歪),wei(威),wan(弯),wen(温),wang(汪),weng(翁)。

— 伊欧/”iou” special rules … tricky to many students. The theoretical form is “iou” i.e. i-ou i.e. 伊欧, but “iou” is not in use in any dictionary i.e. nonexistent.

  • rule (see twin rule): i 行的韵母,前面没有声母的时候 , replace leading i with y.. “iou” -> “you(有)”
  • rule: iou 前面加声母的时候,写成 iu. Examples: niu, liu, jiu(就), qiu(求), xiu(修). In each case, if you remove the “i”, then the full pinyin would match a different Chinese character.

— e(额) vs er(二/而/耳/尔/儿) .. two distinct sounds

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