For anyone trying to assess a person’s English proficency, there are several key dimensions.

— competitive assessment .. Individual English proficiency is supposed to be a yes/no test like “competent, adequate or disqualified”. However,

• Many interviewers prefer Candidate A better than B based on English proficiency.
• Many admission examiners prefer student A better than B based on English competency and communication skills

international competitive analysis .. is not “individual“. see section below.

— person-assessment for 1) hiring or 2) admission.
Note work visa approval falls under (1)

assessment for immigration is an important /context/. In my view, officers don’t assess anything beyond (1) and (2). The focus is basically same as (1).

In my tentative conclusion, if an adult is assessed/rated/considered as competent in English within a work environment, then she is likely to be competent for all other purposes. Such an individual may not be competent to present argument in court, but that is a tall order for everyone, including native speakers.

— assessment for international competitive analysis .. WW) workforce skillset, EE) education.
Usually, EE is geared towards WW.
==== dimensions, hopefully non-overlapping
— dimensions (non-overlapping): Listening ^ reading ^ speaking ^ writing
Writing and speaking are the most challenging and most advanced skills.

Objective assessments (like MCQ) are unsuitable for speaking or writing skill. Speaking (and writing) assessment is extremely expensive (even with audio clip upload) if any level of fairness is required. (All tests need to be fair and consistent.) Trained human examiners are hired. They have much lower throughput than machines. Therefore, large scale assessment beyond 1000 is rare. (I only know GCE-O level.) Therefore, oral assessment is always small-scale.

— dimensions (non-overlapping): articulation ^ comprehension-vocab ^ expressive-vocab ^ grammar
Expressive vocab is the most advanced skill among them, and hard to compare/assess.

Precision comprehension .. a popular and important test focus in EE. However, it depends on comprehension-vocab. Not non-overlapping.